语 法 结 构-- 从 句

一、 限定性定语从句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

1) The first doll say “mama”was invented in 1830．

［A］ that it could
［B］ could it
［C］ it could
［D］ that could

2) A solar day is the length of time the Earth to revolve once around the Sun．

［A］ takes
［B］ takes it
［C］ which takes
［D］ he takes

3) The period during when ［A］ people learned ［B］ to melt iron is called ［C］ the ［D］ Iron Age．

2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

4) The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.

［A］ where
［B］ of which
［C］ during which
［D］ that

5) To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.

［A］ when
［B］ which
［C］ of which
［D］ that

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略(见本节“四、关系代词的省略”)

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

6) Henry Ford is the person ［A］ which ［B］ is most responsible ［C］ for developing ［D］ the idea of mass production.

7) Human beings are social ［A］ animals whom ［B］ usually prefer not to live in ［C］ physical or psychological isolation ［D］ ．

5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句

8) The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida the primitive past mingles with modern life．

［A］ there
［B］ where
［C］ after
［D］ in

9) The k

[ 本帖最后由 zmj041 于 2007-6-16 23:18 编辑 ]

nee is the joint the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg．

［A］ when
［B］ where
［C］ why
［D］ which

10) A metropolitan region ［A］ is defined as a central ［B］ city and the territory where ［C］ surrounds ［D］ it．

6. when引导定语从句表示时间

11) The next morning he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery.

［A］ as
［B］ when
［C］ because
［D］ that

12) In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters.

［A］ whose
［B］ during
［C］ when
［D］ of

13) Moreover, in the modern age human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.

［A］ when
［B］ whether
［C］ more
［D］ ever

［注］ 值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. ／ I still remember the first time I met her. ／ Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

14) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.

［A］ which
［B］ its
［C］ that
［D］ whose

15) Jackir Mcleans’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few ［A］ jazz musicians who ［B］ style of playing ［C］ has kept pace with the evolution ［D］ of modern jazz．

8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

16) I don't want to concentrate on anything worrying me.

［A］ what is
［B］ there is
［C］ what
［D］ there

二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从

句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词

4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物

17) Ligaments(韧带)， ， hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together．

［A］ which are fibrous tissues
［B］ they are fibrous tissues
［C］ fibrous tissues that
［D］ are fibrous tissues

18) The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D. Roosevelt， there on April 12， 1945．

［A］ who died
［B］ died
［C］ while died
［D］ he died

19) The first United States citizen to become ［A］ a professional ［B］ sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright， which ［C］ works were executed in wax ［D］ ．

三、定语从句结构错误

1. 缺关系词

20) The adder is a snake has ［A］ a relatively ［B］ stout body， a short tail ［C］ ， and a flat head ［D］ ．

2. 从句中缺成分

21) Traditionally， ethnographers and linguists have paid ［A］ little attention to cultural interpretations given to ［B］ silence， or to ［C］ the types of social contexts in which tends ［D］ to occur．

四、连接代词的省略

22) Most crocodiles will eat anything capture and overpower．

［A］ can
［B］ they can
［C］ which can
［D］ and

五、例题解析

1) D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say ‘mama’”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。

2) C为正确答案。

3) A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。

4) C为正确答案。

5) C为正确答案。

6) B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。

7) B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。

8) B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。

9) B对。空白后为定语从句，从句中的主谓宾语都已齐全，where作从句中的地点状语，相当于in the joint，整个从句修饰“the joint”。

10) C错。改为which或that。这里是一个定语从句，修饰前面的the territory(区域)，虽然被修饰成分表示一个地点，但若用where代替in the territory在从句中作地点状语，从句中便没有了主语，这显然不对。改用which后，便可由它作从句中的主语，代the territory；从句中的it代上文中的a central city。

11) B为正确答案。

12) C为正确答案。

13) A为正确答案。

14) D为正确答案。这里whose修饰名词短语“open mouth，” 这时“whose open mouth”一起作介词“of”的宾语。

15) B错。who应当在定语从句中作主语，而从句中已有主语style of playing(演奏风格)，故应将who改为whose，用whose修饰style，指代上文中的人名，相当于his。
16) B为正确答案。

17) A对。空白处是which引导的定语从句修饰主句的主语ligaments，which作从句的主语，主句的主语(ligaments)和谓语(hold)被定语从句所隔开。

18) A对。本句是关系代词who引导的非限定性定语从句，who指代前面的被修饰成分President Franklin D. Roosevelt并在从句中作主语。

19) C错。应改用whose，修饰从句中的主语works，whose相当于his。

20) A错。本句已有谓语动词is，而后面又出现动词has，显然不合语法，故应在snake和has之间加上关系代词which或that构成定语从句修饰snake，which作从句的主语。

21) D错。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”，which在从句中已经是介词in的宾语，这样从句中便没有了主语，故应在which后加代词it(代silence)，即变为“in which it tends…”，用it作从句的主语，这样句子才完整。

22) B对。关系代词作限定性定语从句中的宾语时可以省略，本句被修饰词anything后就省去了“that”；C是不对的，首先，C中的which作从句的主语，而从句中的动词(作谓语)capture and overpower都为及物动词，可后面没有宾语，这样句子便不完整；其次，如果被修饰成分为不定代词(anything, all等)，或修饰成分前有形容词最高级以及限定性较强的形容词修饰时(the very，the only，the same，the first，the last，the tallest)，应使用关系代词that，而不用which。

II状 语 从 句

一、时间状语从句：主要由when，whenever，after，before，as，(ever)since，once，as soon as，(not)until，while等连词引导

1) ，Alexander Graham Bell was still a young man．

［A］ He invented the telephone
［B］ The telephone was invented
［C］ His invention of the telephone
［D］ When he invented the telephone

2) The small greenish flowers of the American elm tree appear in the spring， ．

［A］ is grown long before the leaves
［B］ long before the leaves grow
［C］ the leaves before growing long
［D］ the growth of leaves before long is

3) _，heat is produced．

［A］The mixing together of certain chemicals
［B］Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together
［C］Certain chemicals mixed together
［D］ That certain chemicals are mixed together

二、结果状语从句：考试中主要集中在“so…that”(这样……以致) 引导的状语从句，除此之外，还有“such…that”等其他连接词可以引导

4) Lucretia Mott’s influence was too significant ［A］ that she has been credited ［B］ by some authorities ［C］ as the originator ［D］ of feminism is the United States．

5) Dorothy Ｐarker’s satirical ［A］ verse was quite ［B］ popular that her books of poetry ［C］ appeared ［D］ on best?seller lists．

三、让步状语从句： 让步状语从句通常由(even)though，although，no matter，even if ，however，whatever等词引导

6) Hippopotamuses， a great deal of time submerged in lakes or rivers，do not feed in the water．

［A］ spend
［B］ they spend
［C］ although they spend
［D］ which they spend

7) do not have webbed feet， gallinules are excellent swimmers．

［A］ They
［B］ Even though they
［C］ That they
［D］ It is when they

四、原因状语从句： 原因状语从句可由as，because，since及for引导，而托福考题集中在由“because”引导的从句

8) Nelon is said to be inert does not react easily with other substances．

［A］ becaues of it
［B］ because it
［C］ it is because
［D］ is because it

9) Helium is safer than hydrogen it can

［A］ while
［B］ though
［C］ because
［D］ if

五、条件状语从句： 表条件的状语从句主要由if，whether，as long as (只要)，provided(只要) (that)等词引导，例如

10) Uniform acceleration occurs the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time．

［A］ according
［B］ if
［C］ with
［D］ under

11) Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art， or not．

［A］ whether the artist being aware of it
［B］ the artist is being aware whether
［C］ whether the artist is aware of it
［D］ the artist is aware whether

六、表示其他关系的状语从句，主要包括地点和行为方式状语从句

12) the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator，the trade winds cause a flow of water to the west．

［A］ Where
［B］ And
［C］ That
［D］ At

13) Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes protect the toes of most other vertebrates．

［A］ claws
［B］ as claws
［C］ as claws do
［D］ so do claws

七、状语从句中的“主语＋be”的省略：状语从句中的主语和系动词be常有同时被省略掉的现象，但需有两个前提条件

(1) 从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语为“be”；

(2) 省略后的结构为“连词＋现在分词”、“连词＋过去分词结构”以及“连词＋介词短语”和“连词＋形容词(名词短语) ”结构，例

14) ，glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes．

［A］ When well fitted
［B］ Well fitted when
［C］ Well fitted if
［D］ If well fitted when

15) Although rigid，bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact．

［A］ apparently
［B］ are apparently
［C］ apparently their
［D］ are they apparently

16) When in arctic regions，the Aleuts construct igloos as temporary winter shelters．

［A］ travel
［B］ to travel
［C］ traveling them
［D］ traveling

八、例题解析

1) D无论在语法上还是语意上均正确，而若选A和B，则只是两个句子的无谓罗列，这在英语中是绝对不允许的，而C是一个名词短语，也不符合

要求。

2) B对。本句是由连词before引导的时间状语从句，其中的long是副词，修饰before，“long before”意为“早在…之前”，long before易与before long相混淆，before long相当于介词短语，意思是“不久”。

3) B 对。由于逗号后面是一个完整的句子，则本句空白处成分可能是介词短语、分词短语或状语及状语从句，在备选答案中，只有B 具备状语从句的条件。whenever是when的强调式表示“无论什么时候”。

4) A错。本句含“so…that”句型，“so”是副词，它后面可接形容词或副词，而“that”后要接表结果的状语从句，故应将“too”改为“so”。

5) B错。改为“so”。

6) C对。本句主语为“Hippopotamuses”，谓语是“do not feed”，逗号之间显然为插入成分，A和B不符合要求，D虽表面上是非限定定语从句修饰前面的成分，但which指主语，马上又接主语they，成了“双主语”，故应排除。C是由连词although(尽管) 引导的让步状语从句作插入语，完全符合条件，故应选C。

7) B对。逗号后为一完整的句子，逗号前又出现了谓语，那么空白处一定缺起引导从句作用的连词和从句主语，B 完全符合条件，though的用法和although基本相同，意思也相同。C 好像是“that”引导的主语从句，可后面接的并不是谓语，而是一个句子，故C 也不对。D 貌似“it is…that”强调句，但句中缺that，且语法语意混乱。

8) B对。A不对，因为“because of ”(因为) 是成语介词，后面不可接句子，而C和D均不合语法，只有B正确，“it”指代“neon”。

9) C对。本题中的四个选项都是连接词，即都可以引导后面的从句，从语法来说，它们都正确，但从语意及逻辑上看，显然以“［C］ because”(表“原因”) 切合题意。

10) B对。本句缺能引导一个从句的连接词，只有B符合条件。

11) C对。whether作为连词，只能放在从句句首，故B 和D 都不符合语法。虽然A中的whether放置于句首，但A 不是一个句子，因此只有C 中的whether才引导了一个状语从句，“whether…or not”在此处表示“无论…”。

12) A对。“where”引导的是地点状语从句，表示“在大西洋通过赤道的地方”。

13) B对。“as claws protect…”表示“正如爪或钳保护…一样”，as引导的是方式状语从句。A 明显不对。C 多“do”，D 好像是“so”引导的倒装句，但“so”不仅无所指代，因为后面不缺任何成分，而且在用“so”倒装句时，“so”前面通常有逗号，并且是“so＋助动词(或情态动词等) ＋主语”结构。

14) A对。从句部分说完整为“When they (glasses) are well fitted”，其中的“they are”被省略掉了。D 中的“Ｉf well fitted”本来也正确，但后面多“when”。

15) A对。although后省略了“they (bones) are”，apparently(明显地)是副词，修饰后面的形容词rigid。D 中的are和they顺序有误，否则也同样正确。

16) D对。本句为“连词＋现在分词”结构。

III 名 词 从 句

名词从句即语

法功能相当于名词或名词短语的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。


一、主语从句

1. 由关系代词what、代词whatever或whoever代词引起的主语从句

1) concerned with is the measurement of angles and their relationships to each other．

［A］ Trigonometry is
［B］ That trigonometry is
［C］ What is trigonometry
［D］ What trigonometry is

但what有时在从句中也作定语，如：What little information he collected from it is not enough for us. 他从计算机上收集的那一点点信息不够我们用。

2. 由连词that引起的主语从句，谓语一般是系表结构，在大多数情况下，that从句由it做形式主语

2) has not attained a state of complete coherence is true．

［A］ Cultural anthropology
［B］ That cultural anthropology
［C］ Anthropology that is cultural
［D］ Ｓince cultural anthropology

3) for granted that any new lawn will need to be fertilized．

［A］ Taking it
［B］ Being taken
［C］ Taking
［D］ It should be taken

4) Today ［A］ it is generally recognized as ［B］ the primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to foster the flow of credit and money ［C］ that will eventually facilitate ［D］ a balance in international payments．

3. 由连接代词、连接副词及whether(是否) 引起的主语从句

5) some mammals came to live in the sea is not known．

［A］ That
［B］ Since
［C］ Although
［D］ How

6) made the first United States flag is widely believed．

［A］ When Besty Ross
［B］ That Besty Ross
［C］ Besty Ross
［D］ Whether Besty Ross

4. 由于主语过长，更多的情况下用it代替主语从句，而把that引导的从句放到后边

It is a fact accepted by economists that technological…scarcities.(“it”充当逻辑主语。)

二、宾语从句

1. 由连词that、疑问代词或副词(如how, why和where等)引出的宾语从句

7) Almost all economists agree by trading with one another．

［A］ nations that are gained
［B］ nations they gain
［C］ gaining nations
［D］ th

at nations gain

8) Like a magazine，a newspaper has a contents guide that indicates located．

［A］ where each feature is
［B］ each of the feature is
［C］ each feature where it is
［D］ where is each feature

2 介词后的宾语，其宾语可以是名词或代词，也可以是个句子，即宾语从句，也可以由“what”来引导

9) The chief foods eaten in any country depends largely on best in its climate and soil．

［A］ it grows
［B］ what grows
［C］ does it grow
［D］ what does it grow

10) When Europeans originally arrived in El Paso，Texas，the area was inhabited by the Manso and Suma peoples．

［A］ what is now
［B］ now
［C］ which now is
［D］ now is

三、表语从句

11) A logarithm(对数) is in algebra as an exponent．

［A］ known that
［C］ what is known
［B］ known what it is
［D］ what it is known

四、同位语从句：由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能也相同，这种结构叫同位结构。名词词组，反身代词，不定代词或指示代词、?ING分词、不定式和从句都可作同位语。用来作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句主要由that引导，这时that从句表示它所修饰词的实际内容

1? 名词短语作主语的后置同位语

12) George H．Gallup， specialized in opinion polls and business surveys．

［A］ whose statistician
［C］ a statistician who
［B］ a statistician
［D］ as a statistician，he

13) Annie Jump Cannon， discovered so many stars that she was called “the census taker of the sky”．

［A］ a leading astronomer who
［B］ who，as a leading astronomer
［C］ was a leading astronomer
［D］ a leading astronomer

14) Thyme， ，yields a medicinal oil containing thymol．

［A］ a fragrant garden herb
［B］ garden herb which is fragrant
［C］ fragrant garden herb
［D］ is an herb in a fragrant garden

2． 作主语前置同位语

15) In sculpture “modeling” denotes a way of shaping clay，wax，or other pliable materials．

［A］ to the term
［B］ is termed
［C］ the term
［D］ to term

16) ，Vincente T．

Ximenes spent many years as a government economist．

［A］ Son of a small Texas farmer
［B］ A small Texas farmer’s son was
［C］ His son was a small Texas farmer
［D］ A small farmer in Texas whose son

3? 作宾语或表语的后置同位语

17) An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards，approximately from Marathon to Athens．

［A］ the distance is
［B］ that the distance is
［C］ is that the distance
［D］ the distance

18) In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a to New York’s rock’n’roll fans．

［A］ new dance，the twist
［B］ twist，was the new dance
［C］ twist，the new dance that
［D］ new dance is the twist

五、例题解析

1) D对。句中已出现了谓语动词“is”，这就决定了“is”前面为其主语，如主语中再有动词出现，便成了主语从句。A 不对。因为连续出现了两个动词“is”，且其间又无连接词；B好像是“that”引导的主语从句(下面将提到) ，但由于介词“with”要求带宾语，而B 选项本身又无法解决这个问题(“that”引导的主语从句中，“that”为连词，不可能去充当“with”的宾语) ，故B也应排除；C句的语序有误，因本句并非倒装句(句末为句号)，因此没必要倒装；只有D为正确答案。“what”为代词，相当于“the thing which”，这样“what”本身便可充当“with”的宾语。本句的汉语意思为“三角学所涉及的(对象) 是角的测量及角之间的关系”。因此，凡“what”带的从句中，“what”本身一定要充当从句中的成分，或宾语(含介词宾语) ，或主语。

2) B对。本句有两个动词(“has”和“is”)，且中间并无等立连词分开，显然本句为一个名词从句作主语的句型，符合此条件的只有B，其中句首的“that”与“what”引导的主语从句的区别在于：“that”在句中不充当任何成分。本句更多的情况下是说成：“It is true that cultural…coherence．”这样就由“it”充当逻辑主语，而真正的主语“that从句”放在了后面。

3) D为正确答案。句首的“it”为逻辑主语，指代后面的“that从句”，本句亦可说成“That any new…fertilized should be taken for granted”。

4) B错。改为“that”，理由见上例。

5) D对。本句汉语意思是“某些哺乳类动物是如何到海中生存的仍是一个迷。”那么A 为什么不对呢?为什么不可理解为是“that”引导的主语从句呢?“that从句”作主语时是陈述性的句子，即为一个事实，因此句子的谓语也应与其呼应，即肯定性的论述；而由疑问代词、副词及whether引导的主语从句都为疑问性的句子，即不是肯定的结论，因此其谓语也应当是否定的或含疑问性质的论述。本句中的谓语为“is not known”(大家不知道) 即属于否定的和含疑问性质的论述，故应选D。

6) B为正确答案。本句的谓语“is widely believed”(被广泛地认可) 为肯定性的论述，因此A和D选项不对。

7) D对。“agree”(同意) 可以后面接“that”引导的宾语从句，但它不可直接跟名词作其宾语，如要接名词，需在名词前加介词“upon”、“on”或“with”。

8) A对。“indicate”(显示) 为及物动词，它后面接了一个以“where”引导的宾语从句。由于本句为陈述句，故D 答案不对。

9) B对。“what grows…”作介词“on”的宾语，其中“what”作从句的主语，相当于the thing which。

10) A对。

11) C对。本句系动词 “is”后需接表语，而C为由“what”引导的从句，可以充当其表语，故

C 为正确答案。B 不对。因为“known”无论是形容词还是过去分词都不可再接“what”从句；D 中的“it”多余，因为它占据了从句中主语的位置，这样，从句中既不缺主语，也不缺宾语和表语，于是代词“what”便无所指，故只有C 为唯一正确答案。

12) B对。空白处成分系进一步解释说明句子的主语，位于主语和谓语之间，且前后有逗号隔开，将同位语去掉原句仍完整，其功能相当于一个非限定性定语从句，即“who was a statistician”。

13) D对。理由同上例。

14) A对。“thyme”是一种植物名称，由于该词不常见，故后面用同位语进行说明。需要指出的是，B选项里如在“garden”前加上冠词“a”(因为herb为可数名词) ，那么B也同样正确。

15) C为正确答案。“the term”(术语) 与其后“modeling”(用于雕刻的一种术语) 同位，即二者指的是同一事物。

16) A对。“son”前省略了冠词“a”，因为表示身份时，不定冠词可省略，空白处成分与后面的人名同指一人。

17) D对。本句意思为“奥林匹克马拉松比赛长度为26英里385码，即大约从马拉松(地名) 到雅典的距离”，逗号后面的成分是作为本句表示长度的表语同位语形式出现的，其作用是进一步解释前面的成分。

18) A对。“the twist”(摇摆舞) 即是“a new dance”的同位语。全句意为“1961年，…将一种新式的舞，即摇摆舞，介绍给了纽约的摇滚舞迷们”。

IV THERE BE 句型

一、there be结构

英语表示“某地或某时存在什么事物”。在这种结构中，there是个引导词(由副词there变来)，本身没有意义，所以常弱读为［??］， 因be是谓语，后边跟名词或相当于名词的短语，作主语；这时be的形式要与其后边的主语在数上保持一致；最后为要点或时间状语。如

There are several books on the shelf. 书架上有几本书。/

There was a severe drought in the North in 1995. 1995年北方大旱。

二、 there be结构的否定式或疑问式

是在there be后加not或将be放到there之前。如：There is not …; There are not…; Is there …? Are there…?

三、 there be结构的各种时态

there be中的“be”除了有is和are的形式以外，还有其时态：there was(not)…； there were(not)…；there will be…；there may be…；there might be…; there has been…; there have been …。

四、 there 与非谓语动语连用

这时的引导词there似乎变成了主语，如

1 . 接不定式：You wouldn't want there to be another war, would you? 你不会愿意再有一场战争，是吗? / Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem? 你们要开个会讨论一下这个问题吗? / It was too late for there to be any subways. 太晚了，不会有地铁了(for 后接动词不定式)。

2 . 接?ING形式： Have you ever thought of there being so many work?units for you to choose on the talents' meeting? 你是否曾想到过在人才交流会上会有许多的工作单位供你选择吗?(of后接?ING形式) / There being something to do, we will stay here to finish it. 这儿还有活，我们得干完。

五、 there be结构用在定语从句中

Such books as there w

ere on the self interested us. 我们对书架上的这些书感兴趣。 /

That's all there is to it. 如此而已。 /

Have you noticed anything (that) there is happening in the company. 你注意到公司正在发生什么变化吗?

V 溶 合 句

英语一句话的结束用句号，即圆点。在一句话中分句与分句之间要么用疑问代词、疑问副词或连接词引导从句，形成主从结构，要么用并列连词或分号形成并列分句关系。但逗号不能起到连词来连接并列句的作用。用逗号连接的两个分句叫溶合句，这在英语中是不符合语法的。在挑错题中我们应当注意这种不符合语法的句子。

语 法 结 构--倒 装 句

I句子结构的需要

一、疑问句的倒装

1. 疑问句(包括一般与特殊)在直接引语中仍需倒装

1) A question often posed ［A］ about journalism is “How much freedom reporters should ［B］ have in interpreting ［C］ any given news item ［D］ ?”

2. 特殊疑问句在从句中为间接引语时不能倒装

He asked me where I wanted to go.

二、表示前一种也适用于后一种情况的倒装。

如果第一分句是肯定句，第二分句用so＋倒装结构，如果第一分句是否定句，则用neither, nor, no more

He can’t speak German, (and) neither can I. 他不会说德语，我也不会。

He had no friends nor acquantances, nor did he make any. 他没有朋友也没有相识，他也不交朋友。

You haven’t finished reading it, no more have I. 你没看完，我也一样(没看完)。

She is a bit nervous, (and) so am I. 她有点紧张，我也是。


三、虚拟结构中的倒装

在虚拟结构中的条件从句中，如果if被省略那么were, had或should要移至主语之前(could, might很少引导这样的倒装句)。(参见第三章“虚拟语气”第二节、5.)

四、有些让步状语从句需要倒装

Come what may, I will go there. 不管发生什么情况，我都要去。／Change your mind as you will, you will get no supplies. 即使你改变主意，你也不会得到供给品。

五、例题解析

1) B错。改为should reporters。

II强调的需要

一、“某些副词(短语)＋助动词＋主语＋谓语”的倒装结构

这些副词有(just)then, soon, often, only(in this way, then), so(＋形容词), especially, near(＋地点名词或短语), early(＋时间状语), in vain, many a time等等

1) So littleabout mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me.

［A］ I know
［B］ I knew
［C］ do I know
［D］ did I know

2) a partial answer.

［A］ Will be found in this chapter
［B］ In this chapter found will be
［C］ In this chapter will be found
［D］ This chapter will be found in

3) So abundant and so prominent the material benefits of science are ［A］ that in the eyes of many ［B］ these seem to be the only

［C］ benefits which she brings ［D］ .

注意：上述有些词如only虽然位于句子的开头，但它们作形容词用不是修饰介词短语或状语从句，而是修饰名词或代词则句子不需倒装：Only he managed to pass the exam. 只有他设法通过了考试。

二、以表示否定的副词开始的句子需要倒装

1. 常见的否定副词有never, little, nowhere, not only(…but also, as well), not until, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not once, seldom, no sooner

4) France Viuard an excellent political speaker but she was also among the first members of the populist party.

［A］ Not only
［B］ If only
［C］ Only
［D］ Not only was

5) At ［A］ no time China will ［B］ be the first ［C］ to use unclear weapons ［D］ .
6) Never the world has ［A］ seen so many nations cooperating ［B］ in such a ［C］ worthy ［D］ venture.

2. 但是，否定副词如果只是限定句子主语而非修饰谓语或全句，则句子不必倒装

Hardly anyone has seen a man who eats ants. 还没有人发现人吃蚂蚁。

3. 此外，某些否定词，如no 、not,修饰主语而不是作状语时，句子也不必倒装

No survivor has yet been found. 还没有发现幸存者。

Not all that glitters is gold. 不是闪光的东西都是金的。

7) Not on dry land.

［A］ are all valleys
［B］ valleys all are
［C］ valleys are all
［D］ all valleys are

4. 但当“not a和many a ＋名词”位于句首时，要用倒装语序

Not a word did he say at the meeting. 会上他一句话也没说。

Many a time has the manager emphasized this point. 经理多次强调这一点。

5. barely、hardly、scarcely和when、before连用，no sooner和than连用，它们位于句首时，为固定的倒装结构，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，相当于汉语的“一……就……”。但在时态上，主句一般用过去完成时而从句(when, before或than引导)用过去时。

但表示一般情况时，主句也可用现在完成时，从句用一般现在时

Scarcely has a foreigner set foot in the United States before they ask him what he thinks of the country. 外国人刚去美国，他们就会问他对该国有什么看法。

No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain. 我刚离开屋子天就下起雨来。

8) Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre the curtain went up. (81年考题)

>

［A］ than
［B］ when
［C］ before
［D］ as soon as

上述句中，若barely, hardly, scarcely, no sooner用于句中，则不必倒装

I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.

三、 介词短词＋倒装结构

1. 以下列否定意义的短语为句首的句子应用倒装语序：under no circumstances, on no account,in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense，这些短语都表示“绝不”。
On no account will my reference books be removed from the library. 绝不可能将参考书带出图书馆。

At no time shall a student cheat at his exam. 学生任何时候都不允许考试作弊。

9) In ［A］ no way passengers can ［B］ smoke in ［C］ the air?conditioned ［D］ bus.

上述短语若用于句子中间，则不必用倒装。

2. 下面－些倒装句也应引起考生足够的重视

An old house stood at the side of the hill. →At the side of the hill stood an old house.(本句是为了保持句子平衡，避免主语过长。)

The measure our company took to prevent loss was absurd. →Absurd was the measure our company took to prevent loss.

Those who suffer are blessed. →Blessed are those who suffer.(上两例用来强调主语补足语。)

四、为了强调从句中的某个成分的倒装：正式文体中，为了强调从句中的某个成分(通常为补语或状语)，可将其放在句首，从句由连词as引导，但这时不用倒装

Difficult as the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. 尽管任务艰巨，他们仍设法按时完成了。

Try as you will, you won’t be able to succeed. 尽管你愿意试试，但不会成功。

五、例题解析

1) D为正确答案。

2) C为正确答案。

3) A错。改为are the material benefits of science。

4) D为正确答案。

5) B错。 改为will China。

6) A错。 改为has the world。

7) D为正确答案。

8) B为正确答案。

9) B错。改为can passengers。